前者強調自然環境與生態擁有作為人類資源以外的種種自我存在價值,應予以適度尊重,不認同以人類對資源利用的角度,或生命支援體系(life-supporting system)的角度看待萬物,較接近「生物中心」觀。後者則基於一項關鍵假設,即任何形式的資產均具有極高度的永續性。Turner將此兩極端觀點分別視為「極強永續性」(VSS: very strong sustainability)和「極弱永續性」(VWS: very weak sustainability),並解釋:VSS認為經濟和環境可充分互補,而VWS則認為物理性和人為資產,與自然資產之間具有高度相互替代性,此一可替代性展現在生產過程的各種投入項目,以及消費者所有須要的商品、服務、或環境狀況等福祇。
WCED的「永續發展」定義內涵中,既強調全人類基本需求必須獲得滿足,且不損及後代的發展權利,因此已顧及世代內和世代間的公平性;並以「需求」(needs)取代較具消費領域傾向的經濟性措詞「欲求」(wants),因此也考量了社會面及心理面的獲得滿足。對於跨世代間的公平性,Pearce, Markandya and Barbier(1989)解釋為:遺留給下一代的福祉,不少於這一代承襲自上一代者。若當代經濟或社會行為影響後代利益,則應予以補償。它同時強調:貧窮者的必要性需求應獲得最優先滿足,亦即增加人類生活水準的同時,特別應該重視弱勢者的利益;再則,因技術現況與社會組織能力有限,環境滿足當代與後代的能力有其極限,因此錦因此應避免產生未來無法補償的損失。
two spiritual dangers in not owning a farm. one.....supposing breakfast comes from grocery, and the other.....supposing heat comes from the furnace…...” 在Leopold的書中,對於永續性的活動解說為:不造成後世子孫所賴以維生的生物和非生物系統,大規模不穩定的活動。Goodland等人(Goodland, Daly and Serafy, 1993)進一步指出,在環境及自然資源危在旦夕的今天,發展的限制因子應是自然資產而非人造資產,譬如漁獲量長受限於魚類群聚而非漁船數這樣的事實。簡言之,沒有了自然提供的資源,經濟體系將是空洞的。
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